[b]"Can someone explain the meaning of 'proxied by' in math?"[/b] or [b]"What does 'proxied by' mean in mathematic

Subject: What does 'proxied by' mean in mathematical contexts?

Hey everyone,

I keep coming across the term "proxied by" in some math papers, but I’m not entirely sure about the meaning of "proxied by" in math.

Is it like using one thing to represent another? Or is there more to it?

Would appreciate if someone could break it down in simple terms.

Thanks!

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*PS: Sorry if this is a dumb question, still getting used to the jargon.*