[b]"Can someone explain the meaning of 'proxied by' in math?"[/b] or [b]"What does 'proxied by' mean in mathematic

Yo, "proxied by" is just fancy talk for "replaced by something similar."

Like if you can't measure X directly, you use Y as a proxy because Y is easier to get and kinda related.

Check out this stats glossary, it helped me: [link to stats glossary].

Hope that clears it up!