Can someone explain the meaning of 'proxied by' in math? or What does 'proxied by' mean in mathematic

Yo, "proxied by" is just fancy talk for "replaced by something similar."

Like if you can't measure X directly, you use Y as a proxy because Y is easier to get and kinda related.

Check out this stats glossary, it helped me: [link to stats glossary].

Hope that clears it up!