[b]"Can someone explain the meaning of 'proxied by' in math?"[/b] or [b]"What does 'proxied by' mean in mathematic

It’s basically a workaround! When the real thing is messy, you proxy it with something cleaner.

Like using test scores to proxy for intelligence—flawed, but useful.

If you’re reading papers, look for how they justify their proxies. Sometimes it’s shaky lol.